---
title: We went birding into the forest, and we made clearings for cultivati… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: We went birding into the forest, and we made clearings for cultivations and cut firewood in the bush for sale to the _pakeha_. Who acts: We. A sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, The Little People of the Mist., with its dependency tree and the pr
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, The Little People of the Mist., sentence 12

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We went birding into the forest, and we made clearings for cultivations and cut firewood in the bush for sale to the \_pakeha\_.

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**Who acts:** We · **What happens:** go, bird, make, cut · **To what, where:** forest, clearings, bush

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This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, The Little People of the Mist.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (We), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:14:12
# text = We went birding into the forest, and we made clearings for cultivations and cut firewood in the bush for sale to the _pakeha_.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	birding	bird	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
11	clearings	clearing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	cultivations	cultivation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	amod	_	_
16	firewood	firewood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	bush	bush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
20	for	for	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	sale	sale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
22	to	to	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	pakeha	pakeha	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **bird** | gerund | We *not said here* |  |  | the forest |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **make** | past | we | clearings |  | the bush for sale to the pakeha |  | for cultivations and cut firewood | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP P.asset»: agent=Agent clearing=Product for cultivation=Asset |
| 4 | **cut** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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