---
title: He saw that the cause of rebirth and suffering was craving for world… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: He saw that the cause of rebirth and suffering was craving for worldly pleasures and life and riches. Who acts: Gotama, cause. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 1, sentence 221

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He saw that the cause of rebirth and suffering was craving for worldly pleasures and life and riches.

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**Who acts:** Gotama, cause · **What happens:** see, crave, cause · **To what, where:** rebirth · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Gotama, cause), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:1:237
# text = He saw that the cause of rebirth and suffering was craving for worldly pleasures and life and riches.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	rebirth	rebirth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	suffering	suffering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	craving	crave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	ccomp	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	worldly	worldly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	pleasures	pleasure	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	riches	rich	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | Gotama |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **crave** | past · progressive | the cause of rebirth and suffering |  |  |  |  | for worldly pleasures and life and riches | vn long-32.2 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Pivot for pleasure=Theme |
| 3 | **cause** |  |  | rebirth |  |  |  |  | nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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