---
title: Gotama Buddha made frequent use of similes, allegories, parables, fa… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: Gotama Buddha made frequent use of similes, allegories, parables, fables, and other stories, to illustrate his teachings. Who acts: Gotama. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 1, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 1, sentence 247

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Gotama Buddha made frequent use of similes, allegories, parables, fables, and other stories, to illustrate his teachings.

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**Who acts:** Gotama · **What happens:** make, illustrate, use, teach · **To what, where:** frequent use, teachings, similes

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 1. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Gotama), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:1:265
# text = Gotama Buddha made frequent use of similes, allegories, parables, fables, and other stories, to illustrate his teachings.
1	Gotama	Gotama	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Buddha	Buddha	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	frequent	frequent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	similes	simile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	allegories	allegory	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	parables	parable	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	fables	fable	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	illustrate	illustrate	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
21	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	teachings	teaching	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Gotama | frequent use of similes and allegories and parables and fables |  |  |  | other stories *conj* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent use=Product |
| 2 | **illustrate** | to-infinitive |  | Gotama's teachings |  |  |  |  | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent teaching=Destination |
| 3 | **use** |  |  | similes and allegories and parables and fables |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: of=patient |
| 4 | **teach** |  | Gotama |  |  |  |  |  | nom teaching «act transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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