---
title: “Thus,” said he, “cultivate friendship for all living beings without… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: “Thus,” said he, “cultivate friendship for all living beings without respect of persons.” Who acts: friendship ’. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 12, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 12, sentence 45

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“Thus,” said he, “cultivate friendship for all living beings without respect of persons.”

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**Who acts:** friendship ’ · **What happens:** say, cultivate, live, respect · **To what, where:** friendship, persons · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 12. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (friendship ’), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:12:46
# text = “Thus,” said he, “cultivate friendship for all living beings without respect of persons.”
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	cultivate	cultivate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	ccomp	_	_
10	friendship	friendship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	14	det	_	_
13	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	amod	_	_
14	beings	being	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
15	without	without	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	persons	person	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past |  |  |  |  |  | thus *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **cultivate** *in a quote* | infinitive | friendship ’ *= '* | friendship |  |  |  | for all living beings; without respect of persons | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent friendship=Product for being=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **live** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **respect** *in a quote* |  |  | persons |  |  |  |  | nom respect «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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