---
title: In times past, when Brahmadatta ruled at Benāres, the Future Buddha… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: In times past, when Brahmadatta ruled at Benāres, the Future Buddha made his living by trading. Who acts: Brahmadatta, Future Buddha, Buddha. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 13, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 13, sentence 58

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In times past, when Brahmadatta ruled at Benāres, the Future Buddha made his living by trading.

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**Who acts:** Brahmadatta, Future Buddha, Buddha · **What happens:** rule, make, live · **To what, where:** Benāres, living

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 13. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Brahmadatta, Future Buddha, Buddha), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:13:62
# text = In times past, when Brahmadatta ruled at Benāres, the Future Buddha made his living by trading.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
3	past	past	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	Brahmadatta	Brahmadatta	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	ruled	rule	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Benāres	Benāres	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	Future	Future	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	Buddha	Buddha	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
15	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	living	living	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	trading	trading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rule** | past | Brahmadatta |  |  | Benāres | time |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | past | the Future Buddha | Buddha's living |  |  |  | by trading | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent living=Product |
| 3 | **live** |  | Buddha |  |  |  |  |  | nom living «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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