---
title: One caravan-leader only loaded his carts with abundant grass and sti… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: One caravan-leader only loaded his carts with abundant grass and sticks and water, and started his caravan forward. Who acts: One caravan leader. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 14, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 14, sentence 104

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One caravan-leader only loaded his carts with abundant grass and sticks and water, and started his caravan forward.

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**Who acts:** One caravan leader · **What happens:** load, stick, start · **To what, where:** carts, water, caravan

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (One caravan leader), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:14:112
# text = One caravan-leader only loaded his carts with abundant grass and sticks and water, and started his caravan forward.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
2	caravan	caravan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	only	only	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	loaded	load	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	carts	cart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	abundant	abundant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	sticks	stick	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	started	start	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
19	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	caravan	caravan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
21	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **load** | past | One caravan leader | leader's carts |  |  |  | with abundant grass | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent cart=Destination with grass=Theme |
| 2 | **stick** | present | One caravan leader *not said here* | water |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent water=Theme |
| 3 | **start** | past | One caravan leader *not said here* | leader's caravan |  |  |  | forward *property* | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent caravan=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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