---
title: Now when he had proceeded a journey of two or three days, that carav… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: Now when he had proceeded a journey of two or three days, that caravan-leader saw coming in the opposite direction in a chariot drawn by asses, a black man with bloodshot eyes, with ungirt quiver, wearing a garland of lilies, his garments wet, the hair of his head wet, the wheels of his chariot smea
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 14, sentence 105

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Now when he had proceeded a journey of two or three days, that caravan-leader saw coming in the opposite direction in a chariot drawn by asses, a black man with bloodshot eyes, with ungirt quiver, wearing a garland of lilies, his garments wet, the hair of his head wet, the wheels of his chariot smeared with mud.

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**Who acts:** leader, caravan leader, black man, wheels · **What happens:** proceed, see, come, draw, wear, smear · **To what, where:** journey, black man, opposite direction, chariot, garland, two days

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leader, caravan leader, black man, wheels), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:14:113
# text = Now when he had proceeded a journey of two or three days, that caravan-leader saw coming in the opposite direction in a chariot drawn by asses, a black man with bloodshot eyes, with ungirt quiver, wearing a garland of lilies, his garments wet, the hair of his head wet, the wheels of his chariot smeared with mud.
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
2	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	proceeded	proceed	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	journey	journey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	conj	_	_
12	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
14	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	17	det	_	_
15	caravan	caravan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
19	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	18	xcomp	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	opposite	opposite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	direction	direction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	chariot	chariot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
27	drawn	draw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	26	acl	_	_
28	by	by	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	asses	ass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
34	with	with	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	bloodshot	bloodshot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
38	with	with	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
39	ungirt	ungirt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
40	quiver	quiver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
42	wearing	wear	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	conj	_	_
43	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
44	garland	garland	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obj	_	_
45	of	of	ADP	IN	_	46	case	_	_
46	lilies	lily	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	50	punct	_	_
48	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	49	nmod:poss	_	_
49	garments	garment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	nsubj	_	_
50	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	44	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	53	punct	_	_
52	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	53	det	_	_
53	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	conj	_	_
54	of	of	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
55	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	56	nmod:poss	_	_
56	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	53	nmod	_	_
57	wet	wet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	56	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
58	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	60	punct	_	_
59	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	60	det	_	_
60	wheels	wheel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	64	nsubj	_	_
61	of	of	ADP	IN	_	63	case	_	_
62	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	63	nmod:poss	_	_
63	chariot	chariot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	60	nmod	_	_
64	smeared	smear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	42	acl:relcl	_	_
65	with	with	ADP	IN	_	66	case	_	_
66	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	64	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **proceed** | past · perfect | leader | a journey of two days |  |  | now |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | past | that caravan leader | a black man with bloodshot eyes and ungirt quiver |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **come** | gerund | a black man with bloodshot eyes and ungirt quiver *not said here* |  |  | the opposite direction in a chariot |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in direction=Location |
| 4 | **draw** | participle |  | a chariot *not said here* |  |  |  | by asses | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **wear** | gerund | that caravan leader *not said here* | a garland of lilies and the hair of leader's head |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent garland=Source |
| 6 | **smear** | past | the wheels of leader's chariot |  |  |  |  | with mud | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: agent=Agent with mud=Theme |
| 7 | **journey** |  |  | two days |  |  |  |  | nom journey «act transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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