---
title: Now that caravan-leader told his drivers what that man had said, add… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: Now that caravan-leader told his drivers what that man had said, adding: “This man surely is no friend of ours, no kinsman or blood-relative. Who acts: caravan leader, man. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 14, with its dependency tree and the pragmatic
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 14, sentence 131

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Now that caravan-leader told his drivers what that man had said, adding: “This man surely is no friend of ours, no kinsman or blood-relative.

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**Who acts:** caravan leader, man · **What happens:** tell, say, add, be · **To what, where:** drivers, friend · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (caravan leader, man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:14:139
# text = Now that caravan-leader told his drivers what that man had said, adding: “This man surely is no friend of ours, no kinsman or blood-relative.
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
2	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
3	caravan	caravan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	leader	leader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	drivers	driver	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	iobj	_	_
9	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	13	obj	_	_
10	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
11	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
12	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	adding	add	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
17	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	19	det	_	_
19	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
20	surely	surely	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
21	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
22	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	23	det	_	_
23	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	ours	our	PRON	PRP	Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	28	det	_	_
28	kinsman	kinsman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
29	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
30	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	relative	relative	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | that caravan leader |  | leader's drivers |  | now |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP what S»: agent=Agent driver=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past · perfect | that man |  |  |  |  | what *obj* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic |
| 3 | **add** *speech: assert* | gerund | that man *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | this man | ours's friend and no kinsman or blood relative |  |  |  | ours *nmod:poss*; no kinsman *conj*; blood relative *conj* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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