---
title: The heretics, after listening to the discourse of the Teacher, belie… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: The heretics, after listening to the discourse of the Teacher, believed in their hearts, and rising from their seats, burst asunder the refuge of the heretical teachers and sought refuge in the Buddha. Who acts: heretics. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, pa
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 14, sentence 151

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The heretics, after listening to the discourse of the Teacher, believed in their hearts, and rising from their seats, burst asunder the refuge of the heretical teachers and sought refuge in the Buddha.

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**Who acts:** heretics · **What happens:** listen, believe, rise, burst, seek, discourse · **To what, where:** discourse, hearts, seats, asunder, refuge, Buddha

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 14. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (heretics), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:14:160
# text = The heretics, after listening to the discourse of the Teacher, believed in their hearts, and rising from their seats, burst asunder the refuge of the heretical teachers and sought refuge in the Buddha.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	heretics	heretic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	listening	listen	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	discourse	discourse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	Teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	believed	believe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	hearts	heart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	rising	rise	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	conj	_	_
20	from	from	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	seats	seat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
24	burst	burst	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
25	asunder	asunder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	refuge	refuge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	heretical	heretical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	teachers	teacher	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nmod	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
33	sought	seek	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	conj	_	_
34	refuge	refuge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obj	_	_
35	in	in	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	Buddha	Buddha	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	33	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	24	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **listen** | gerund | the heretics *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the discourse of the Teacher | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to discourse=Theme |
| 2 | **believe** | participle |  | the discourse of the Teacher *not said here* |  | heretics's hearts |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **rise** | gerund | the heretics *not said here* |  |  | heretics's seats |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from seat=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **burst** | past | the heretics | asunder |  |  |  | the refuge of the heretical teachers *obj* | tree rules |
| 5 | **seek** | past | the heretics *not said here* | refuge |  | the Buddha |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent refuge=Theme in buddha=Location |
| 6 | **discourse** |  |  | the Teacher |  |  |  |  | nom discourse «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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