---
title: He himself, assisted by the leaders of the force, kept watch during… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: He himself, assisted by the leaders of the force, kept watch during the three watches of the night, sword in hand, and allowed the dawn to rise upon him standing there. Who acts: leaders, particle. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 15, with its dependen
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 15, sentence 121

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He himself, assisted by the leaders of the force, kept watch during the three watches of the night, sword in hand, and allowed the dawn to rise upon him standing there.

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**Who acts:** leaders, particle · **What happens:** assist, keep, allow, rise, stand · **To what, where:** particle, watch

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 15. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leaders, particle), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:15:121
# text = He himself, assisted by the leaders of the force, kept watch during the three watches of the night, sword in hand, and allowed the dawn to rise upon him standing there.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Emp|Reflex=Yes	1	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	assisted	assist	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	leaders	leader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
13	watch	watch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	during	during	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	_
17	watches	watch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	sword	sword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
23	in	in	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	allowed	allow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	dawn	dawn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	_
30	to	to	PART	TO	_	31	mark	_	_
31	rise	rise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	27	xcomp	_	_
32	upon	upon	SCONJ	IN	_	34	mark	_	_
33	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
34	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	31	advcl	_	_
35	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	34	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **assist** | participle · passive | the leaders of the force | particle |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **keep** | participle | the leaders of the force *not said here* | watch |  |  | during the three watches of the night and sword in hand |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent watch=Theme |
| 3 | **allow** | past | the leaders of the force *not said here* |  |  |  | dawn |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Causer clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **rise** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the leaders of the force *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **stand** | gerund | particle |  |  | there |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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