---
title: In times past there dwelt in a cave in the Vindhya mountains a wise… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: In times past there dwelt in a cave in the Vindhya mountains a wise boar, who was none other than the Buddha in a previous state of existence, and with him his friend a monkey. Who acts: wise boar. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 15, with its dependen
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 15, sentence 133

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In times past there dwelt in a cave in the Vindhya mountains a wise boar, who was none other than the Buddha in a previous state of existence, and with him his friend a monkey.

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**Who acts:** wise boar · **What happens:** dwell, be · **To what, where:** monkey, cave, none, previous state

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 15. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wise boar), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:15:135
# text = In times past there dwelt in a cave in the Vindhya mountains a wise boar, who was none other than the Buddha in a previous state of existence, and with him his friend a monkey.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
3	past	past	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	obl	_	_
5	dwelt	dwell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Vindhya	Vindhya	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	wise	wise	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	boar	boar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
18	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
19	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	15	conj	_	_
20	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
21	than	than	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	Buddha	Buddha	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	previous	previous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	existence	existence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
32	with	with	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
33	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	37	nmod	_	_
34	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	35	nmod:poss	_	_
35	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	conj	_	_
36	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	monkey	monkey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dwell** | participle |  | a monkey with Buddha |  | a cave | time | in the Vindhya mountains | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in cave=Location |
| 2 | **is a** | past | a wise boar | none |  | a previous state of existence |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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