---
title: And the lion said to his mate: “Since the rains have hindered the mo… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: And the lion said to his mate: “Since the rains have hindered the movements of all living beings, we shall of a certainty perish for lack of some animal to eat.” Who acts: lion. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 15, with its dependency tree and the prag
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 15, sentence 136

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And the lion said to his mate: “Since the rains have hindered the movements of all living beings, we shall of a certainty perish for lack of some animal to eat.”

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**Who acts:** lion · **What happens:** say, hinder, live, perish, eat, move · **To what, where:** mate, rains, living beings, animal · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 15. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lion), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:15:138
# text = And the lion said to his mate: “Since the rains have hindered the movements of all living beings, we shall of a certainty perish for lack of some animal to eat.”
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	mate	mate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	27	punct	_	_
9	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	Since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	rains	rain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
13	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	hindered	hinder	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	advcl	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	movements	movement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	20	det	_	_
19	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	20	amod	_	_
20	beings	being	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
22	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	certainty	certainty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
27	perish	perish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	ccomp	_	_
28	for	for	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	lack	lack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	32	det	_	_
32	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	_
33	to	to	PART	TO	_	34	mark	_	_
34	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	32	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	27	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	27	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the lion |  | monkey's mate |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to mate=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **hinder** *in a quote* | present · perfect · passive |  | the rains |  |  |  | the movements of all living beings *obj* | tree rules |
| 3 | **live** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **perish** *in a quote* | shall |  |  |  |  |  | of a certainty; for lack of some animal | vn die-42.4-1 «NP V PP.cause»: agent=Patient of certainty=Causer |
| 5 | **eat** *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **move** *in a quote* |  |  | all living beings |  |  |  |  | nom movement «act transitive»: of=patient |
| 7 | **lack** *in a quote* |  |  | some animal |  |  |  |  | nom lack «state transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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