---
title: When the ogre saw him approaching, he caused his own car to turn out… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: When the ogre saw him approaching, he caused his own car to turn out of the road and greeted him in a friendly manner, saying: “Where are you going?” Who acts: ogre, grass, you. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 15, with its dependency tree and the prag
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 15, sentence 42

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When the ogre saw him approaching, he caused his own car to turn out of the road and greeted him in a friendly manner, saying: “Where are you going?”

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**Who acts:** ogre, grass, you · **What happens:** see, approach, cause, turn out, greet, say · **To what, where:** grass, own car, road, ogre, friendly manner · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 15. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ogre, grass, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:15:42
# text = When the ogre saw him approaching, he caused his own car to turn out of the road and greeted him in a friendly manner, saying: “Where are you going?”
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	ogre	ogre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	approaching	approach	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
11	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	turn	turn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	ccomp	_	_
15	out	out	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	greeted	greet	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
21	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	33	punct	_	_
29	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	Where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	33	advmod	_	_
31	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux	_	_
32	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	33	nsubj	_	_
33	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	33	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | the ogre | grass |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **approach** | gerund | grass *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **cause** | past | ogre | ogre's own car |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **turn out** | to-infinitive | ogre *not said here* | the road |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location road=Theme |
| 5 | **greet** *speech: greet* | past | ogre *not said here* |  | ogre | a friendly manner |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
| 6 | **say** *speech: ask* | gerund | ogre *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 7 | **go** *in a quote* | present · progressive | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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