---
title: Then the monkey awoke and went out of the cave, and seeing the wise… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: Then the monkey awoke and went out of the cave, and seeing the wise boar reduced to a heap of bones, became greatly excited and exclaimed: “What reduced you to a heap of bones? Who acts: monkey, seeing. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 16, with its dep
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 16, sentence 13

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Then the monkey awoke and went out of the cave, and seeing the wise boar reduced to a heap of bones, became greatly excited and exclaimed: “What reduced you to a heap of bones?

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**Who acts:** monkey, seeing · **What happens:** awake, go out, see, reduce, become, exclaim · **To what, where:** cave, wise boar, heap, you · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 16. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (monkey, seeing), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:16:13
# text = Then the monkey awoke and went out of the cave, and seeing the wise boar reduced to a heap of bones, became greatly excited and exclaimed: “What reduced you to a heap of bones?
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	monkey	monkey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	awoke	awake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
13	seeing	see	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	24	csubj	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	wise	wise	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	boar	boar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
17	reduced	reduce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	heap	heap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
24	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
25	greatly	greatly	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
26	excited	excited	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	xcomp	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	exclaimed	exclaim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	32	punct	_	_
30	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	32	nsubj	_	_
32	reduced	reduce	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
33	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	32	obj	_	_
34	to	to	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	heap	heap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	_
37	of	of	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
38	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **awake** | past | the monkey |  |  |  | then |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **go out** | past | the monkey *not said here* | the cave |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **see** | gerund |  | the wise boar |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer boar=Stimulus |
| 4 | **reduce** | participle |  | the wise boar *not said here* |  |  |  | to a heap of bones *goal* | vn limit-76 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Causer to heap=Goal |
| 5 | **become** | past | seeing |  |  |  |  | excited *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 6 | **exclaim** *speech: express* | past | seeing *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 7 | **reduce** *in a quote* | past |  | you |  |  |  | to a heap of bones *goal*; What *nsubj* | vn limit-76 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Causer you=Patient to heap=Goal |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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