---
title: And drawing near, he beheld on a lofty slab of rock a youth of hands… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: And drawing near, he beheld on a lofty slab of rock a youth of handsome appearance plunged in bitter grief. Who acts: vāhana. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 16, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 16, sentence 96

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And drawing near, he beheld on a lofty slab of rock a youth of handsome appearance plunged in bitter grief.

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**Who acts:** vāhana · **What happens:** draw, behold, plunge · **To what, where:** youth, lofty slab, handsome appearance

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 16. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (vāhana), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:16:100
# text = And drawing near, he beheld on a lofty slab of rock a youth of handsome appearance plunged in bitter grief.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
2	drawing	draw	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
3	near	near	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	beheld	behold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	lofty	lofty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	slab	slab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	youth	youth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	handsome	handsome	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	plunged	plunge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	grief	grief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | gerund | vāhana *not said here* |  |  |  |  | near *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **behold** | past | vāhana | a youth of handsome appearance |  | a lofty slab of rock |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer youth=Stimulus |
| 3 | **plunge** | participle |  | handsome appearance *not said here* |  |  |  | in bitter grief | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in grief=Attribute |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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