---
title: Without saying a word to the carpenters, he entered the forest, and… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: Without saying a word to the carpenters, he entered the forest, and leading his son to the carpenters, said: “This young elephant is my son. Who acts: Elephant, young elephant. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 3, with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 3, sentence 41

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Without saying a word to the carpenters, he entered the forest, and leading his son to the carpenters, said: “This young elephant is my son.

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**Who acts:** Elephant, young elephant · **What happens:** say, enter, lead, be · **To what, where:** word, carpenters, forest, son · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 3. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Elephant, young elephant), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:3:43
# text = Without saying a word to the carpenters, he entered the forest, and leading his son to the carpenters, said: “This young elephant is my son.
1	Without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	carpenters	carpenter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	entered	enter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
15	leading	lead	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	carpenters	carpenter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
22	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	30	punct	_	_
24	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	27	det	_	_
26	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	elephant	elephant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
28	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	30	cop	_	_
29	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	30	nmod:poss	_	_
30	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | Elephant *not said here* | a word | the carpenters |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent word=Topic to carpenter=Recipient |
| 2 | **enter** | past | Elephant | the forest |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme forest=Destination |
| 3 | **lead** | gerund |  | Elephant's son |  | the carpenters |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent son=Theme to carpenter=Destination |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Elephant *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | this young elephant | my son |  |  |  | my *nmod:poss* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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