---
title: “Monks,” said the Teacher, “not only in his present state of existen… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: “Monks,” said the Teacher, “not only in his present state of existence has Devadatta proved to be ungrateful; in a previous state of existence also he was ungrateful just the same. Who acts: Monks, Teacher. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 4, with its 
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 4, sentence 100

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“Monks,” said the Teacher, “not only in his present state of existence has Devadatta proved to be ungrateful; in a previous state of existence also he was ungrateful just the same.

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**Who acts:** Monks, Teacher · **What happens:** say, prove, be · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Monks, Teacher), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:4:106
# text = “Monks,” said the Teacher, “not only in his present state of existence has Devadatta proved to be ungrateful; in a previous state of existence also he was ungrateful just the same.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Teacher	Teacher	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
9	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	15	advmod	_	_
11	only	only	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
14	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	existence	existence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
18	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
19	Devadatta	Devadatta	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
20	proved	prove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	ccomp	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	cop	_	_
23	ungrateful	ungrateful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	previous	previous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	ccomp	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	existence	existence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
31	also	also	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
32	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	34	nsubj	_	_
33	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	cop	_	_
34	ungrateful	ungrateful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	advcl	_	_
35	just	just	ADV	RB	_	37	advmod	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Monks |  |  |  |  | a previous state of existence *ccomp* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **prove** *in a quote* | present · perfect | the Teacher |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | to-infinitive | the Teacher *not said here* |  |  |  |  | ungrateful *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is** *in a quote* | past | Teacher |  |  |  |  | same, ungrateful *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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