---
title: To whom did he speak thus: ‘Dear Dīghāvu, do not look long! — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: To whom did he speak thus: ‘Dear Dīghāvu, do not look long! Who acts: Dīghāvu. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 6, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 6, sentence 40

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To whom did he speak thus: ‘Dear Dīghāvu, do not look long!

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**Who acts:** Dīghāvu · **What happens:** speak, not look · **To what, where:** Dear Dīghāvu · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 6. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dīghāvu), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:6:40
# text = To whom did he speak thus: ‘Dear Dīghāvu, do not look long!
1	To	to	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	obl	_	_
3	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	speak	speak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Dear	dear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	Dīghāvu	Dīghāvu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	parataxis	_	_
15	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past · do-support | Dīghāvu | Dear Dīghāvu |  |  |  | whom *obl*; thus *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to whom=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **not** **look** | infinitive · do-support |  |  |  |  |  | long *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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