---
title: He took his stand in the settlements at the four gates and tested th… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: He took his stand in the settlements at the four gates and tested those who dwelt without the city. Who acts: place. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 7, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 7, sentence 101

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He took his stand in the settlements at the four gates and tested those who dwelt without the city.

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**Who acts:** place · **What happens:** take, test, dwell · **To what, where:** stand, settlements, those

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 7. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (place), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:7:106
# text = He took his stand in the settlements at the four gates and tested those who dwelt without the city.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	stand	stand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	settlements	settlement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	gates	gate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	tested	test	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
14	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	13	obj	_	_
15	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	dwelt	dwell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
17	without	without	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | place | place's stand |  | the settlements |  | at the four gates | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent stand=Value in settlement=Location |
| 2 | **test** | participle | place *not said here* | those |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Theme |
| 3 | **dwell** | past |  |  |  |  |  | without the city; who *nsubj* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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