---
title: Not daring to eat him, he asked: “Youth, why are you not afraid? why… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: Not daring to eat him, he asked: “Youth, why are you not afraid? why are you not terrified with the fear of death?” Who acts: ogre, you. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 8, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 8, sentence 43

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Not daring to eat him, he asked: “Youth, why are you not afraid? why are you not terrified with the fear of death?”

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**Who acts:** ogre, you · **What happens:** not dare, not eat, ask, not be, fear · **To what, where:** ogre, Youth, death · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 8. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ogre, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:8:43
# text = Not daring to eat him, he asked: “Youth, why are you not afraid? why are you not terrified with the fear of death?”
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	daring	dare	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	Youth	youth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
13	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	17	advmod	_	_
14	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
16	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	17	advmod	_	_
17	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
19	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	23	advmod	_	_
20	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
21	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
22	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	23	advmod	_	_
23	terrified	terrified	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	ccomp	_	_
24	with	with	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	fear	fear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **dare** | gerund | ogre *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **not** **eat** | to-infinitive | ogre *not said here* | ogre |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Patient |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | ogre | Youth |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **not** **is** *in a quote* | present | you |  |  |  |  | afraid *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **not** **is** *in a quote* | present | you |  |  |  |  | with the fear of death; terrified *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **fear** *in a quote* |  |  | death |  |  |  |  | nom fear «feeling transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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