---
title: Thus have I heard: Once upon a time the Exalted One was in residence… — The grateful elephant · tree and pragmatics
description: Thus have I heard: Once upon a time the Exalted One was in residence at Jetavana. Who acts: Thus, I, Exalted One. A sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 9, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The grateful elephant, Opening, part 9, sentence 15

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Thus have I heard: Once upon a time the Exalted One was in residence at Jetavana.

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**Who acts:** Thus, I, Exalted One · **What happens:** have, hear, exalt, be · **To what, where:** time, residence

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This is a sentence of «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Opening, part 9. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Thus, I, Exalted One), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74064:9:17
# text = Thus have I heard: Once upon a time the Exalted One was in residence at Jetavana.
1	Thus	thu	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	Once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	4	advmod	_	_
7	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Exalted	exalt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
12	One	One	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	residence	residence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	acl:relcl	_	_
16	at	at	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Jetavana	Jetavana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Thus |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hear** | past | I |  |  |  |  | once *property* | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **exalt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **is** | past | the Exalted One | a time *not said here* |  | residence |  | at Jetavana | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The grateful elephant» by Eugene Watson Burlingame, Project Gutenberg book 74064 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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