---
title: He looked in vain for his companion, who must have already gone away… — Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains · tree and pragmatics
description: He looked in vain for his companion, who must have already gone away, if the terror caused by the awful fate of his friend had not killed him. Who acts: spark, companion, terror. A sentence of «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, A Historical Tale., part 4, with its dependency
---

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# Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains, A Historical Tale., part 4, sentence 41

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He looked in vain for his companion, who must have already gone away, if the terror caused by the awful fate of his friend had not killed him.

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**Who acts:** spark, companion, terror · **What happens:** look, go away, cause, not kill, fate · **To what, where:** vain, spark, friend

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This is a sentence of «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, A Historical Tale., part 4. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (spark, companion, terror), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74323:21:41
# text = He looked in vain for his companion, who must have already gone away, if the terror caused by the awful fate of his friend had not killed him.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	vain	vain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obl	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	companion	companion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
10	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
11	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	aux	_	_
12	already	already	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	acl:relcl	_	_
14	away	away	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	terror	terror	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
19	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	conj	_	_
20	by	by	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	awful	awful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	fate	fate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
27	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
28	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	29	advmod	_	_
29	killed	kill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	19	conj	_	_
30	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | spark |  |  | vain |  | for spark's companion | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent in vain=Location for companion=Theme |
| 2 | **go away** | must · perfect | spark's companion |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **cause** *a condition, not said to happen* | participle | the terror |  |  |  |  |  | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 4 | **not** **kill** | past · perfect | the terror *not said here* | spark |  |  |  | by the awful fate of spark's friend | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
| 5 | **fate** |  |  | spark's friend |  |  |  |  | nom fate «event transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, Project Gutenberg book 74323 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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