---
title: The next morning the two guilty dwarfs were examined, who related th… — Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains · tree and pragmatics
description: The next morning the two guilty dwarfs were examined, who related that they, governed by a king, had dwelt for untold ages in the caves of the Harz, more especially in the Sachsenstein, and had been happy; but now subterranean floods and landslips had caused them heavy losses, so that they had been 
---

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# Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains, A Historical Tale., part 6, sentence 22

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The next morning the two guilty dwarfs were examined, who related that they, governed by a king, had dwelt for untold ages in the caves of the Harz, more especially in the Sachsenstein, and had been happy; but now subterranean floods and landslips had caused them heavy losses, so that they had been compelled to appropriate the possessions of men for their necessities.

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**Who acts:** next morning, king · **What happens:** examine, relate, govern, dwell, be, cause · **To what, where:** two guilty dwarfs, dwarfs, caves, subterranean floods, possessions, men

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This is a sentence of «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, A Historical Tale., part 6. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (next morning, king), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74323:23:22
# text = The next morning the two guilty dwarfs were examined, who related that they, governed by a king, had dwelt for untold ages in the caves of the Harz, more especially in the Sachsenstein, and had been happy; but now subterranean floods and landslips had caused them heavy losses, so that they had been compelled to appropriate the possessions of men for their necessities.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl:unmarked	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
6	guilty	guilty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	dwarfs	dwarf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	examined	examine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	related	relate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
14	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	governed	govern	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	ccomp	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	dwelt	dwell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	12	conj	_	_
23	for	for	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	untold	untold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	ages	age	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obl	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	Harz	Harz	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
33	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	34	advmod	_	_
34	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	37	advmod	_	_
35	in	in	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	Sachsenstein	Sachsenstein	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
39	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
40	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	42	aux	_	_
41	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	42	cop	_	_
42	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	51	punct	_	_
44	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	51	cc	_	_
45	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	46	advmod	_	_
46	subterranean	subterranean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	_
47	floods	flood	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	51	nsubj:pass	_	_
48	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	49	cc	_	_
49	landslips	landslip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	47	conj	_	_
50	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	51	aux	_	_
51	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	parataxis	_	_
52	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	51	obj	_	_
53	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	54	amod	_	_
54	losses	loss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	51	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	61	punct	_	_
56	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	61	mark	_	_
57	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	56	fixed	_	_
58	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	61	nsubj	_	_
59	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	61	aux	_	_
60	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	61	aux:pass	_	_
61	compelled	compel	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	51	conj	_	_
62	to	to	PART	TO	_	63	mark	_	_
63	appropriate	appropriate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	61	xcomp	_	_
64	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	65	det	_	_
65	possessions	possession	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	63	obj	_	_
66	of	of	ADP	IN	_	67	case	_	_
67	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	65	nmod	_	_
68	for	for	ADP	IN	_	70	case	_	_
69	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	70	nmod:poss	_	_
70	necessities	necessity	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	63	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
71	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **examine** | past · passive | the next morning *not said here* | the two guilty dwarfs |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **relate** | past |  |  |  |  | morning | who *nsubj* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **govern** | participle · passive | a king | dwarfs *= dwarf* |  |  |  |  | vn supervision-95.2.2 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 4 | **dwell** | past · perfect |  |  |  | the caves of the Harz | for untold ages | in the Sachsenstein | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in cave=Location |
| 5 | **is** | past · perfect |  |  |  |  |  | happy *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **cause** | past · perfect · passive |  | subterranean floods and landslips |  |  |  | dwarfs *= dwarf* *obj*; heavy losses *obj* | tree rules |
| 7 | **compel** | past · perfect · passive |  | dwarfs *= dwarf* |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: subject=Patient clause=Result |
| 8 | **appropriate** | to-infinitive |  | the possessions of men |  |  |  | for dwarfs's necessities | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent possession=Theme |
| 9 | **possess** |  |  | men |  |  |  |  | nom possession «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, Project Gutenberg book 74323 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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