---
title: It was early dawn, and he shivered, exclaiming, "How cold it is!" — Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains · tree and pragmatics
description: It was early dawn, and he shivered, exclaiming, "How cold it is!" Who acts: bed, son. A sentence of «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, A Historical Tale., part 8, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains, A Historical Tale., part 8, sentence 92

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It was early dawn, and he shivered, exclaiming, "How cold it is!"

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**Who acts:** bed, son · **What happens:** be, shiver, exclaim · **To what, where:** early dawn · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, A Historical Tale., part 8. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bed, son), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg74323:25:92
# text = It was early dawn, and he shivered, exclaiming, "How cold it is!"
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	dawn	dawn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	shivered	shiver	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	exclaiming	exclaim	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
14	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	ccomp	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | bed | early dawn |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **shiver** | past | son | early dawn *not said here* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **exclaim** *speech: express* | gerund | son *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** *in a quote* | present | bed |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends and tales of the Harz Mountains» by Toofie Lauder, Project Gutenberg book 74323 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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