---
title: The men of the land had either been away fighting, or at home tillin… — Gleanings from Chinese folklore · tree and pragmatics
description: The men of the land had either been away fighting, or at home tilling laboriously their poor lands, so there was no one who knew the hills and valleys as did Chin Ting. Who acts: men, fighting, one. A sentence of «Gleanings from Chinese folklore» by Nellie Naomi Russell, A Tartar Joan of Arc, with i
---

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# Gleanings from Chinese folklore, A Tartar Joan of Arc, sentence 10

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The men of the land had either been away fighting, or at home tilling laboriously their poor lands, so there was no one who knew the hills and valleys as did Chin Ting.

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**Who acts:** men, fighting, one · **What happens:** be, fight, till, know, do · **To what, where:** home, one, hills, Chin Ting

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This is a sentence of «Gleanings from Chinese folklore» by Nellie Naomi Russell, A Tartar Joan of Arc. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (men, fighting, one), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75089:6:10
# text = The men of the land had either been away fighting, or at home tilling laboriously their poor lands, so there was no one who knew the hills and valleys as did Chin Ting.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
7	either	either	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	9	advmod	_	_
8	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	cop	_	_
9	away	away	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	fighting	fight	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	25	csubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
15	tilling	till	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	conj	_	_
16	laboriously	laboriously	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
17	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	lands	land	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
21	so	so	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
22	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	23	expl	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
24	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	25	det	_	_
25	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
26	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj	_	_
27	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	acl:relcl	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	valleys	valley	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	conj	_	_
32	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
33	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	advcl	_	_
34	Chin	Chin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	compound	_	_
35	Ting	ting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | away, either *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **fight** | past | the men of the land |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **till** | gerund | the men of the land *not said here* |  |  | home |  | laboriously *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | past | fighting | no one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **know** | past | no one | the hills and valleys |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer hill=Stimulus |
| 6 | **do** | past | no one *not said here* | Chin Ting |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ting=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Gleanings from Chinese folklore» by Nellie Naomi Russell, Project Gutenberg book 75089 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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