---
title: The battle had been near a river and Han Hsin knew that Chin Pa must… — Gleanings from Chinese folklore · tree and pragmatics
description: The battle had been near a river and Han Hsin knew that Chin Pa must cross it on his retreat. Who acts: battle, Han, Chin Pa. A sentence of «Gleanings from Chinese folklore» by Nellie Naomi Russell, A Chinese Hero, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Gleanings from Chinese folklore, A Chinese Hero, sentence 93

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The battle had been near a river and Han Hsin knew that Chin Pa must cross it on his retreat.

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**Who acts:** battle, Han, Chin Pa · **What happens:** be, know, cross · **To what, where:** river, retreat · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Gleanings from Chinese folklore» by Nellie Naomi Russell, A Chinese Hero. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (battle, Han, Chin Pa), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75089:9:93
# text = The battle had been near a river and Han Hsin knew that Chin Pa must cross it on his retreat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	battle	battle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	cop	_	_
5	near	near	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	Han	Han	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
10	Hsin	Hsin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	flat	_	_
11	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
13	Chin	Chin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	Pa	Pa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
15	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	cross	cross	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	ccomp	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	retreat	retreat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past · perfect | the battle |  |  | a river |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | past | Han |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **cross** | must | Chin Pa | river |  | Han's retreat |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Gleanings from Chinese folklore» by Nellie Naomi Russell, Project Gutenberg book 75089 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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