---
title: The stories of which I have made use are "The Four Sons of Aymon" (i… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: The stories of which I have made use are "The Four Sons of Aymon" (i.-xi.); "Ralph the Collier" (xii.-xiii.), a genuinely English production, it would seem, as no French original has been found; "Fierabras," taken from the "Lyf of Charles the Grete" (xiv.-xxiv.); "The Song of Roland" (xxv.-xxxv.), a
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Opening, sentence 32

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stories of which I have made use are "The Four Sons of Aymon" (i.-xi.); "Ralph the Collier" (xii.-xiii.), a genuinely English production, it would seem, as no French original has been found; "Fierabras," taken from the "Lyf of Charles the Grete" (xiv.-xxiv.); "The Song of Roland" (xxv.-xxxv.), and "Duke Huon of Bordeaux" (xxxvi.-xl.).

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**Who acts:** I, stories, it · **What happens:** make, be, seem, find, take · **To what, where:** use, xii, French original, Fierabras, Lyf

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, stories, it), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:1:32
# text = The stories of which I have made use are "The Four Sons of Aymon" (i.-xi.); "Ralph the Collier" (xii.-xiii.), a genuinely English production, it would seem, as no French original has been found; "Fierabras," taken from the "Lyf of Charles the Grete" (xiv.-xxiv.); "The Song of Roland" (xxv.-xxxv.), and "Duke Huon of Bordeaux" (xxxvi.-xl.).
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	obl	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	30	cop	_	_
10	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	Four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	Sons	Son	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	30	nsubj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	Aymon	Aymon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
17	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	i.	i.	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	20	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	xi	xi	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	Ralph	Ralph	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	Collier	Collier	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	_
29	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	30	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	xii	xii	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	xiii	xiii	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
37	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
38	genuinely	genuinely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
39	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	40	compound	_	_
40	production	production	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
42	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	44	nsubj	_	_
43	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	44	aux	_	_
44	seem	seem	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	30	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	52	punct	_	_
46	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	52	mark	_	_
47	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	49	det	_	_
48	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	49	amod	_	_
49	original	original	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	52	nsubj:pass	_	_
50	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	52	aux	_	_
51	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	52	aux:pass	_	_
52	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	44	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	55	punct	_	_
54	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	55	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
55	Fierabras	Fierabras	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	52	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
56	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	58	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
57	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	58	punct	_	_
58	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	55	acl	_	_
59	from	from	ADP	IN	_	62	case	_	_
60	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	62	det	_	_
61	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	62	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
62	Lyf	Lyf	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	58	obl	_	_
63	of	of	ADP	IN	_	64	case	_	_
64	Charles	Charles	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	62	nmod	_	_
65	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	66	det	_	_
66	Grete	Grete	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	64	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	66	punct	_	_
68	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	69	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
69	xiv	xiv	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	62	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
70	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	69	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
71	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	72	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
72	xxiv	xxiv	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	69	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
73	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	69	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
74	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	69	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
75	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	78	punct	_	_
76	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	78	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
77	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	78	det	_	_
78	Song	Song	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	52	obl	_	_
79	of	of	ADP	IN	_	80	case	_	_
80	Roland	Roland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	78	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
81	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	80	punct	_	_
82	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	83	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
83	xxv	xxv	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	80	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
84	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	83	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
85	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	86	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
86	xxxv	xxxv	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	83	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
87	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	83	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
88	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	83	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
89	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	101	punct	_	_
90	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	101	cc	_	_
91	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	93	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
92	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	93	compound	_	_
93	Huon	Huon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	101	compound	_	_
94	of	of	ADP	IN	_	95	case	_	_
95	Bordeaux	Bordeaux	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	93	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
96	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	93	punct	_	_
97	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	98	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
98	xxxvi	xxxvi	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	93	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
99	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	93	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
100	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	101	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
101	xl	xl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	52	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
102	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	52	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
103	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	52	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
104	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	30	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · perfect | I | use |  |  |  | of the stories | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the stories | xii and a genuinely English production |  |  |  | the Four Sons of Aymon *nsubj*; xiii *appos*; a genuinely English production *conj* | tree rules |
| 3 | **seem** | would | it |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **find** | present · perfect · passive |  | no French original |  |  |  | the Song of Roland *obl*; Huon xl *obl*; Fierabras *obj* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Theme fierabras=Attribute |
| 5 | **take** | participle |  | Fierabras *not said here* |  | the Lyf of Charles and the Grete |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent from lyf=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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