---
title: Truly I have lost him, and better friend or kinsman never was, by th… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: Truly I have lost him, and better friend or kinsman never was, by the King's cruelty and hardness of heart. Who acts: I. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Peace Was Made, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How Peace Was Made, sentence 64

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Truly I have lost him, and better friend or kinsman never was, by the King's cruelty and hardness of heart.

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**Who acts:** I · **What happens:** lose, not be · **To what, where:** Mawgis

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Peace Was Made. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:12:64
# text = Truly I have lost him, and better friend or kinsman never was, by the King's cruelty and hardness of heart.
1	Truly	truly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
9	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	advcl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	kinsman	kinsman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	19	advmod	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	King	King	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	's	's	PART	POS	_	17	case	_	_
19	cruelty	cruelty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	hardness	hardness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | present · perfect | I | Mawgis |  |  |  | better friend or kinsman and the King's cruelty and hardness of heart *advcl*; truly *property* | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Eventuality |
| 2 | **not** **is** | past | I *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by the King's cruelty and hardness of heart; the King *nmod:poss*; hardness of heart *conj* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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