---
title: And first Duke Naymes espied the Saracens, and said, "See now these… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: And first Duke Naymes espied the Saracens, and said, "See now these Saracens are coming against us with a great force; advise what we shall do." Who acts: first Duke, Saracens, we. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Bridge of Mantryble
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the Bridge of Mantryble, sentence 31

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And first Duke Naymes espied the Saracens, and said, "See now these Saracens are coming against us with a great force; advise what we shall do."

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**Who acts:** first Duke, Saracens, we · **What happens:** espy, say, see, come, advise, do · **To what, where:** Saracens · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Bridge of Mantryble. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (first Duke, Saracens, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:20:31
# text = And first Duke Naymes espied the Saracens, and said, "See now these Saracens are coming against us with a great force; advise what we shall do."
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	3	amod	_	_
3	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	Naymes	Naymes	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
5	espied	espy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Saracens	Saracen	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	See	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	ccomp	_	_
14	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	18	advmod	_	_
15	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	16	det	_	_
16	Saracens	saracen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
17	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	parataxis	_	_
19	against	against	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	obl	_	_
21	with	with	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
26	advise	advise	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	13	parataxis	_	_
27	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	30	obj	_	_
28	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
29	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
30	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **espy** | past | first Duke | the Saracens |  |  |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer saracen=Stimulus |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | first Duke *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **see** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **come** *in a quote* | present · progressive | this Saracens |  |  |  | now | against us; with a great force | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme against we=Location |
| 5 | **advise** *speech: other* *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 6 | **do** *in a quote* | shall | we |  |  |  |  | what *obj* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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