---
title: And he said to his comrades, "What means, think you, this gallows-tr… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: And he said to his comrades, "What means, think you, this gallows-tree that these Saracens are setting up?" Who acts: thing, that. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of Guy of Burgundy, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every cla
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of Guy of Burgundy, sentence 43

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And he said to his comrades, "What means, think you, this gallows-tree that these Saracens are setting up?"

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**Who acts:** thing, that · **What happens:** say, mean, think, set up · **To what, where:** comrades · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of Guy of Burgundy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (thing, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:23:43
# text = And he said to his comrades, "What means, think you, this gallows-tree that these Saracens are setting up?"
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	comrades	comrade	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	10	nsubj	_	_
10	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	think	think	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	ccomp	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	16	det	_	_
16	gallows	gallows	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	appos	_	_
19	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	nsubj	_	_
20	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	21	det	_	_
21	Saracens	saracen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
22	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	setting	set	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	conj	_	_
24	up	up	ADP	RP	_	23	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: ask* | past | thing |  | thing's comrades |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to comrade=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **mean** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  | What *nsubj* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **think** *speech: other* *in a quote* | infinitive |  | thing's comrades *= comrade* |  |  |  | this gallows *obl* | vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot you=Theme |
| 4 | **set up** *in a quote* | present · progressive | that |  |  |  |  | this Saracens *nsubj* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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