---
title: But Aloys, one of the friends of Ganelon, answered, "You lie, Duke R… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: But Aloys, one of the friends of Ganelon, answered, "You lie, Duke Reyner; were it not that the King is here, this is the last word that you should say. Who acts: Aloys, You, King, realm. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of Richard of Norma
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of Richard of Normandy, sentence 108

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But Aloys, one of the friends of Ganelon, answered, "You lie, Duke Reyner; were it not that the King is here, this is the last word that you should say.

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**Who acts:** Aloys, You, King, realm · **What happens:** answer, lie, be, not be, say · **To what, where:** Duke, last word · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of Richard of Normandy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Aloys, You, King, realm), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:24:108
# text = But Aloys, one of the friends of Ganelon, answered, "You lie, Duke Reyner; were it not that the King is here, this is the last word that you should say.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
2	Aloys	Aloy	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nmod	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Ganelon	Ganelon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	answered	answer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	lie	lie	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
18	Reyner	Reyner	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
20	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	33	nsubj	_	_
22	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	33	advmod	_	_
23	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	27	mark	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	King	King	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nsubj	_	_
26	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
27	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	33	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
29	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	33	nsubj	_	_
30	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
34	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	37	obj	_	_
35	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	37	nsubj	_	_
36	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	37	aux	_	_
37	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	33	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **answer** *speech: assert* | past | Aloys  one of the friends of Ganelon |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **lie** *in a quote* | present | You | Duke |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | the King |  |  |  |  | here *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **is a** *in a quote* | past | realm | the last word |  |  |  | this *nsubj* | tree rules |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | should | you | the last word |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent that=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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