---
title: Then the Duke said to his own horse, "Farewell, my good horse; I am… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then the Duke said to his own horse, "Farewell, my good horse; I am grieved that I cannot take thee when I will. Who acts: Duke. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of Richard of Normandy, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every c
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of Richard of Normandy, sentence 49

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then the Duke said to his own horse, "Farewell, my good horse; I am grieved that I cannot take thee when I will.

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**Who acts:** Duke · **What happens:** say, grieve, not take · **To what, where:** own horse, Duke, thee · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of Richard of Normandy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Duke), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:24:49
# text = Then the Duke said to his own horse, "Farewell, my good horse; I am grieved that I cannot take thee when I will.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	4	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	Farewell	farewell	INTJ	UH	_	15	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
14	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	grieved	grieve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	conj	_	_
20	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	24	mark	_	_
21	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
22	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	24	advmod	_	_
24	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	advcl	_	_
25	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	24	obj	_	_
26	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	28	advmod	_	_
27	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
28	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	24	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Duke |  | Duke's own horse and my good horse |  | then |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to horse=Recipient |
| 2 | **grieve** *in a quote* | present · passive |  | the Duke *= duke* |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |
| 3 | **not** **take** *in a quote* | can | the Duke *= duke* | thee |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thou=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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