---
title: He cried to Roland his companion, "I hear a great sound of men comin… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: He cried to Roland his companion, "I hear a great sound of men coming by way of Spain, and I see the flashing of arms. Who acts: Oliver, men, arms. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How the Heathen and the French Prepared For Battle, with it
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How the Heathen and the French Prepared For Battle, sentence 2

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He cried to Roland his companion, "I hear a great sound of men coming by way of Spain, and I see the flashing of arms.

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**Who acts:** Oliver, men, arms · **What happens:** cry, hear, come, see, flash · **To what, where:** companion, Roland, great sound, flashing · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How the Heathen and the French Prepared For Battle. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oliver, men, arms), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:30:2
# text = He cried to Roland his companion, "I hear a great sound of men coming by way of Spain, and I see the flashing of arms.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	cried	cry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Roland	Roland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	companion	companion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	hear	hear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
16	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	Spain	Spain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	see	see	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	flashing	flashing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cry** *speech: express* | past | Oliver | Oliver's companion | Roland |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hear** *in a quote* | present | Oliver | a great sound of men |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer sound=Stimulus |
| 3 | **come** *in a quote* | gerund | men *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by way of Spain | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by way=Location |
| 4 | **see** *in a quote* | present | Oliver | the flashing of arms |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer flashing=Stimulus |
| 5 | **flash** *in a quote* |  | arms |  |  |  |  |  | nom flashing «event intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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