---
title: Oliver, my comrade," said Roland, when he heard it, "this traitor Ga… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: Oliver, my comrade," said Roland, when he heard it, "this traitor Ganelon has sworn our death. Who acts: Oliver, Roland, our. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, The Battle, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, The Battle, sentence 78

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Oliver, my comrade," said Roland, when he heard it, "this traitor Ganelon has sworn our death.

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**Who acts:** Oliver, Roland, our · **What happens:** say, hear, swear, die · **To what, where:** din, traitor · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, The Battle. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Oliver, Roland, our), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:31:78
# text = Oliver, my comrade," said Roland, when he heard it, "this traitor Ganelon has sworn our death.
1	Oliver	Oliver	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	comrade	comrade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	Roland	Roland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
15	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	17	det	_	_
17	traitor	traitor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj:pass	_	_
18	Ganelon	Ganelon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	_
19	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
20	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	conj	_	_
21	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | past | Oliver |  |  |  |  | Roland *nsubj* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **hear** *in a quote* | past | Roland | din |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |
| 3 | **swear** | present · perfect · passive |  | this traitor |  |  |  | our death *obj* | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Theme death=Eventuality |
| 4 | **die** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom death «event intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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