---
title: The battle is too hard for us," said Roland again, "and I shall soun… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: The battle is too hard for us," said Roland again, "and I shall sound my horn, that the King may hear." Who acts: battle, Roland, I, King. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Roland Sounded His Horn, with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How Roland Sounded His Horn, sentence 12

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The battle is too hard for us," said Roland again, "and I shall sound my horn, that the King may hear."

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**Who acts:** battle, Roland, I, King · **What happens:** be, say, sound, hear · **To what, where:** horn · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Roland Sounded His Horn. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (battle, Roland, I, King), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:32:12
# text = The battle is too hard for us," said Roland again, "and I shall sound my horn, that the King may hear."
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	battle	battle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	too	too	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
11	Roland	Roland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
12	again	again	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
14	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
16	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
17	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	sound	sound	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
19	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	horn	horn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
22	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	King	King	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
25	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
26	hear	hear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the battle |  |  |  |  | for us; hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | past | Roland |  |  |  | again |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **sound** | shall | I | my horn |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location horn=Theme |
| 4 | **hear** | may | the King |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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