---
title: Alas! how many noble sons of France he saw lying dead upon them! " — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: Alas! how many noble sons of France he saw lying dead upon them! " Who acts: many noble sons. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Oliver Was Slain, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How Oliver Was Slain, sentence 2

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Alas! how many noble sons of France he saw lying dead upon them! "

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**Who acts:** many noble sons · **What happens:** see, lie

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Oliver Was Slain. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many noble sons), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:33:2
# text = Alas! how many noble sons of France he saw lying dead upon them! "
1	Alas	alas	INTJ	UH	_	10	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
4	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	noble	noble	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	sons	son	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	France	France	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	xcomp	_	_
12	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	xcomp	_	_
13	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
16	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | many noble sons of France |  |  |  |  | Roland *nsubj* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **lie** | gerund | many noble sons of France *not said here* |  |  |  |  | upon sons *= son*; dead *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent upon they=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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