---
title: Dear friends," he said, weeping as he spoke, "may God have mercy on… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: Dear friends," he said, weeping as he spoke, "may God have mercy on you and receive you into His Paradise! Who acts: Dear friends, Roland, God. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Oliver Was Slain, with its dependency tree and the pragmati
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How Oliver Was Slain, sentence 3

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Dear friends," he said, weeping as he spoke, "may God have mercy on you and receive you into His Paradise!

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**Who acts:** Dear friends, Roland, God · **What happens:** say, weep, speak, have, receive · **To what, where:** mercy, you, Paradise · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Oliver Was Slain. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Dear friends, Roland, God), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:33:3
# text = Dear friends," he said, weeping as he spoke, "may God have mercy on you and receive you into His Paradise!
1	Dear	dear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	weeping	weep	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
9	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	_
17	mercy	mercy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	obl	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	receive	receive	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
22	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	21	obj	_	_
23	into	into	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	Paradise	paradise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | past | Dear friends |  |  |  |  | Roland *nsubj* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **weep** *in a quote* | gerund | Dear friends *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **speak** *speech: other* *in a quote* | past | Roland |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **have** | may | God | mercy |  |  |  | on you | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mercy=Patient |
| 5 | **receive** | present | God *not said here* | you |  | Roland's Paradise |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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