---
title: But the heathen, when they saw how few they were, took fresh courage. — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: But the heathen, when they saw how few they were, took fresh courage. Who acts: laggards, heathen. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Oliver Was Slain, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How Oliver Was Slain, sentence 35

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But the heathen, when they saw how few they were, took fresh courage.

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**Who acts:** laggards, heathen · **What happens:** see, be · **To what, where:** few

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How Oliver Was Slain. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (laggards, heathen), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:33:35
# text = But the heathen, when they saw how few they were, took fresh courage.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	heathen	heathen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
8	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
9	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	obj	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
11	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	fresh	fresh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | laggards *= laggard* | few  laggards |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer few=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is** | past | the heathen |  |  |  |  | fresh courage *obj*; take *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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