---
title: Coward," he said, "what made you so bold that you dared lay hands on… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: Coward," he said, "what made you so bold that you dared lay hands on Roland? Who acts: Roland, you. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, The Death of Roland, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, The Death of Roland, sentence 13

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Coward," he said, "what made you so bold that you dared lay hands on Roland?

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**Who acts:** Roland, you · **What happens:** say, make, dare · **To what, where:** you, hands, Roland · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, The Death of Roland. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Roland, you), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:35:13
# text = Coward," he said, "what made you so bold that you dared lay hands on Roland?
1	Coward	coward	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	1	punct	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	9	nsubj	_	_
9	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	bold	bold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	_
13	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
14	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	dared	dare	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
16	lay	lay	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	Roland	Roland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | past | Roland |  |  |  |  | Coward *ccomp* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | past |  | you |  |  |  | what *nsubj*; bold *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material you=Product |
| 3 | **dare** | past | you | lay's hands |  | Roland |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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