---
title: Lady," said the Duke, "we left the King because my brother Benes had… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: Lady," said the Duke, "we left the King because my brother Benes had slain the Prince Lothair, and we are afraid." " Who acts: Lady, we, brother. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How the Duke Benes Came By His End, with its dependency tree 
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How the Duke Benes Came By His End, sentence 11

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Lady," said the Duke, "we left the King because my brother Benes had slain the Prince Lothair, and we are afraid." "

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**Who acts:** Lady, we, brother · **What happens:** say, leave, slay, be · **To what, where:** King, Lothair · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How the Duke Benes Came By His End. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lady, we, brother), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:4:11
# text = Lady," said the Duke, "we left the King because my brother Benes had slain the Prince Lothair, and we are afraid." "
1	Lady	Lady	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	1	punct	_	_
4	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	King	King	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
14	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
16	Benes	Benes	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	_
17	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	slain	slay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	Prince	Prince	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod:desc	_	_
21	Lothair	Lothair	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
24	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
25	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
26	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	26	punct	_	_
29	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* *in a quote* | past | Lady |  |  |  |  | the Duke *nsubj* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **leave** | past | we | the King |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent king=Theme |
| 3 | **slay** | past · perfect | my brother | the Lothair  Prince |  |  |  |  | vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lothair=Patient |
| 4 | **is** | present | we |  |  |  |  | afraid *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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