---
title: Then Gerard sent a message to Duke Benes that he was in a great stra… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then Gerard sent a message to Duke Benes that he was in a great strait, and must have help forthwith. Who acts: Gerard, friend. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How the Duke Benes Came By His End, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How the Duke Benes Came By His End, sentence 44

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Then Gerard sent a message to Duke Benes that he was in a great strait, and must have help forthwith.

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**Who acts:** Gerard, friend · **What happens:** send, be, have · **To what, where:** message, Duke Benes, great strait, help

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How the Duke Benes Came By His End. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Gerard, friend), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:4:44
# text = Then Gerard sent a message to Duke Benes that he was in a great strait, and must have help forthwith.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	Gerard	Gerard	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	message	message	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	Benes	bene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	strait	strait	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
20	help	help	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
21	forthwith	forthwith	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | Gerard | a message |  | Duke Benes | then |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent message=Theme to bene=Destination |
| 2 | **is** | past | friend |  |  | a great strait |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **have** | must | Gerard *not said here* | help |  |  |  | forthwith *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent help=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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