---
title: Then he said to him that was their chief and spokesman, a certain Si… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then he said to him that was their chief and spokesman, a certain Sir Stephen, "Surely, Sir Stephen, your Duke had lost his wits when he slew my dear son Lothair. Who acts: King, that, Duke. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How the Duke Ben
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, How the Duke Benes Came By His End, sentence 68

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Then he said to him that was their chief and spokesman, a certain Sir Stephen, "Surely, Sir Stephen, your Duke had lost his wits when he slew my dear son Lothair.

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**Who acts:** King, that, Duke · **What happens:** say, be, lose, slay · **To what, where:** man, chief, wits, dear son Lothair · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, How the Duke Benes Came By His End. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (King, that, Duke), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:4:68
# text = Then he said to him that was their chief and spokesman, a certain Sir Stephen, "Surely, Sir Stephen, your Duke had lost his wits when he slew my dear son Lothair.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	spokesman	spokesman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
15	Sir	Sir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod:desc	_	_
16	Stephen	Stephen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	Surely	surely	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
21	Sir	Sir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	nmod:desc	_	_
22	Stephen	Stephen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
25	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nsubj	_	_
26	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux	_	_
27	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	22	acl:relcl	_	_
28	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	29	nmod:poss	_	_
29	wits	wit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	_
30	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	32	advmod	_	_
31	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
32	slew	slay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	advcl	_	_
33	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	36	nmod:poss	_	_
34	dear	dear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
35	son	son	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	compound	_	_
36	Lothair	lothair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | King |  | man |  | then |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to he=Recipient |
| 2 | **is a** | past | that | others's chief and spokesman and Stephen  Sir |  |  |  | others *= other* *nmod:poss*; spokesman *conj*; a certain Stephen  Sir *appos*; Stephen  Sir *conj* | tree rules |
| 3 | **lose** *in a quote* | past · perfect | Duke | King's wits |  |  |  | your *nmod:poss* | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wit=Eventuality |
| 4 | **slay** *in a quote* | past | King | my dear son Lothair |  |  |  |  | vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lothair=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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