---
title: I saw how Alard was slain by an arrow by Frenchmen, and how Richard… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: I saw how Alard was slain by an arrow by Frenchmen, and how Richard was hanged on an apple tree." " Who acts: I, arrow. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Treachery of King John, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every cla
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the Treachery of King John, sentence 64

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I saw how Alard was slain by an arrow by Frenchmen, and how Richard was hanged on an apple tree." "

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**Who acts:** I, arrow · **What happens:** see, slay, hange · **To what, where:** Alard, Richard, apple tree · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Treachery of King John. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, arrow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:7:64
# text = I saw how Alard was slain by an arrow by Frenchmen, and how Richard was hanged on an apple tree." "
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
4	Alard	Alard	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	slain	slay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	arrow	arrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Frenchmen	Frenchman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
14	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	17	advmod	_	_
15	Richard	Richard	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	hanged	hange	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	apple	apple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
24	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **slay** | past · passive | a arrow | Alard |  |  |  | by Frenchmen | vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |
| 3 | **hange** | past · passive |  | Richard |  | a apple tree |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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