--- title: And Alard lifted Richard from the earth, and laid him upon his shiel… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics description: And Alard lifted Richard from the earth, and laid him upon his shield, and carried him to the rock, Reynaud and Guichard holding back meanwhile the King's men with such strength and valour as have never been surpassed, for they fought as men who have no hope for their lives, but think only how they --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/7/84/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/) / [Of the Treachery of King John](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/7/) / 84 # Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the Treachery of King John, sentence 84 And Alard lifted Richard from the earth, and laid him upon his shield, and carried him to the rock, Reynaud and Guichard holding back meanwhile the King's men with such strength and valour as have never been surpassed, for they fought as men who have no hope for their lives, but think only how they may make most havoc among their enemies. **Who acts:** Alard, men · **What happens:** lift, lay, carry, hold back, not surpass, fight · **To what, where:** Richard, earth, shield, Alard, rock, men · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Treachery of King John. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Alard, men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg75339:7:84 # text = And Alard lifted Richard from the earth, and laid him upon his shield, and carried him to the rock, Reynaud and Guichard holding back meanwhile the King's men with such strength and valour as have never been surpassed, for they fought as men who have no hope for their lives, but think only how they may make most havoc among their enemies. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 Alard Alard PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 lifted lift VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 Richard Richard PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 obj _ _ 5 from from ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 earth earth NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 8 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 10 cc _ _ 10 laid lay VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 11 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 obj _ _ 12 upon upon ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 13 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 14 nmod:poss _ _ 14 shield shield NOUN NN Number=Sing 10 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 15 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 16 and and CCONJ CC _ 17 cc _ _ 17 carried carry VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 parataxis _ _ 18 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 obj _ _ 19 to to ADP IN _ 21 case _ _ 20 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 21 det _ _ 21 rock rock NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 22 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 23 Reynaud Reynaud PROPN NNP Number=Sing 21 appos _ _ 24 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 25 Guichard Guichard PROPN NNP Number=Sing 23 conj _ _ 26 holding hold VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 17 advcl _ _ 27 back back ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 28 meanwhile meanwhile ADV RB _ 32 advmod _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 King King PROPN NNP Number=Sing 32 nmod:poss _ SpaceAfter=No 31 's 's PART POS _ 30 case _ _ 32 men man NOUN NNS Number=Plur 42 obl _ _ 33 with with ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 34 such such ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 35 amod _ _ 35 strength strength NOUN NN Number=Sing 32 nmod _ _ 36 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 37 valour valour NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 compound _ _ 38 as a NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 conj _ _ 39 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 42 aux _ _ 40 never never ADV RB PronType=Neg 42 advmod _ _ 41 been be AUX VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 42 aux:pass _ _ 42 surpassed surpass VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 26 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No 43 , , PUNCT , _ 46 punct _ _ 44 for for SCONJ IN _ 46 mark _ _ 45 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 46 nsubj _ _ 46 fought fight VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 conj _ _ 47 as as ADP IN _ 48 case _ _ 48 men man NOUN NNS Number=Plur 46 obl _ _ 49 who who PRON WP PronType=Rel 50 nsubj _ _ 50 have have VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 48 acl:relcl _ _ 51 no no DET DT PronType=Neg 52 det _ _ 52 hope hope NOUN NN Number=Sing 50 obj _ _ 53 for for ADP IN _ 55 case _ _ 54 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 55 nmod:poss _ _ 55 lives life NOUN NNS Number=Plur 50 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 56 , , PUNCT , _ 58 punct _ _ 57 but but CCONJ CC _ 58 cc _ _ 58 think think VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 59 only only ADV RB _ 63 advmod _ _ 60 how how ADV WRB PronType=Int 63 advmod _ _ 61 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 63 nsubj _ _ 62 may may AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 63 aux _ _ 63 make make VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 58 ccomp _ _ 64 most most ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 65 amod _ _ 65 havoc havoc NOUN NN Number=Sing 63 obj _ _ 66 among among ADP IN _ 68 case _ _ 67 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 68 nmod:poss _ _ 68 enemies enemy NOUN NNS Number=Plur 63 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 69 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **lift** | past | Alard | Richard | | the earth | | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent richard=Theme from earth=Destination | | 2 | **lay** | past | Alard *not said here* | Richard | | Alard's shield | | | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent he=Theme upon shield=Destination | | 3 | **carry** | past | | Alard | | the rock | | | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent he=Theme to rock=Destination | | 4 | **hold back** | gerund | | | | | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 5 | **not** **surpass** | present · perfect · passive | | the King's men with such strength and valour as | | | | | vn exceed-90 «NP V NP» | | 6 | **fight** | past | men *= man* | | | | | as men | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 7 | **have** | present | men | no hope | | | | for men's lives | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hope=Patient | | 8 | **think** *speech: other* | present | Alard *not said here* | | | | | | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | | 9 | **make** | may | men *= man* | most havoc | | | | among men's enemies | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset havoc=Product | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 83](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/7/83/) - next →: [sentence 85](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/7/85/) - ↑ back to [Of the Treachery of King John](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/7/)