--- title: And now, when he was in the greatest need, did the good horse Bayard… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics description: And now, when he was in the greatest need, did the good horse Bayard help him, for he, having such wit as never horse had before, seeing that Reynaud his master was fast asleep, smote with his hoof on his shield that he woke him, and he, looking up, the gallows being hard by the wood, saw Richard no --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/8/125/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/) / [Of the Craft of Mawgis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/8/) / 125 # Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the Craft of Mawgis, sentence 125 And now, when he was in the greatest need, did the good horse Bayard help him, for he, having such wit as never horse had before, seeing that Reynaud his master was fast asleep, smote with his hoof on his shield that he woke him, and he, looking up, the gallows being hard by the wood, saw Richard now beginning to mount the ladder that was set against the gallows. **Who acts:** Richard, greatest need, horse, Reynaud master, gallows, wood · **What happens:** be, do, help, have, see, smote · **To what, where:** greatest need, good horse, Richard, such wit, shield, horse This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Craft of Mawgis. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Richard, greatest need, horse, Reynaud master), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg75339:8:125 # text = And now, when he was in the greatest need, did the good horse Bayard help him, for he, having such wit as never horse had before, seeing that Reynaud his master was fast asleep, smote with his hoof on his shield that he woke him, and he, looking up, the gallows being hard by the wood, saw Richard now beginning to mount the ladder that was set against the gallows. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 2 now now ADV RB PronType=Dem 12 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No 3 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 4 when when ADV WRB PronType=Int 10 advmod _ _ 5 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nsubj _ _ 6 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 cop _ _ 7 in in ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 10 det _ _ 9 greatest great ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 10 amod _ _ 10 need need NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 11 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 12 did do VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 17 advcl _ _ 13 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 15 det _ _ 14 good good ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 amod _ _ 15 horse horse NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obj _ _ 16 Bayard Bayard PROPN NNP Number=Sing 15 appos _ _ 17 help help VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 18 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 19 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 20 for for SCONJ IN _ 23 mark _ _ 21 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 22 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 23 having have VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 17 advcl _ _ 24 such such ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 25 amod _ _ 25 wit wit NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 obj _ _ 26 as as SCONJ IN _ 29 mark _ _ 27 never never ADV RB PronType=Neg 28 advmod _ _ 28 horse horse NOUN NN Number=Sing 29 nsubj _ _ 29 had have VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 23 advcl _ _ 30 before before ADV RB _ 29 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No 31 , , PUNCT , _ 32 punct _ _ 32 seeing see VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 23 advcl _ _ 33 that that SCONJ IN _ 39 mark _ _ 34 Reynaud Reynaud PROPN NNP Number=Sing 36 compound _ _ 35 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 36 nmod:poss _ _ 36 master master NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 nsubj _ _ 37 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 39 cop _ _ 38 fast fast ADV RB Degree=Pos 39 advmod _ _ 39 asleep asleep ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 32 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No 40 , , PUNCT , _ 41 punct _ _ 41 smote smote VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 17 conj _ _ 42 with with ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 43 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 44 nmod:poss _ _ 44 hoof hoof NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obl _ _ 45 on on ADP IN _ 47 case _ _ 46 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 47 nmod:poss _ _ 47 shield shield NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obl _ _ 48 that that SCONJ IN _ 50 mark _ _ 49 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 50 nsubj _ _ 50 woke wake VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 41 advcl _ _ 51 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 50 obj _ SpaceAfter=No 52 , , PUNCT , _ 56 punct _ _ 53 and and CCONJ CC _ 56 cc _ _ 54 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 56 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 55 , , PUNCT , _ 56 punct _ _ 56 looking look VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 17 conj _ _ 57 up up ADP RP _ 56 compound:prt _ SpaceAfter=No 58 , , PUNCT , _ 60 punct _ _ 59 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 60 det _ _ 60 gallows gallows NOUN NNS Number=Plur 65 nsubj _ _ 61 being be AUX VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 65 cop _ _ 62 hard hard ADV RB Degree=Pos 65 advmod _ _ 63 by by ADP IN _ 65 case _ _ 64 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 65 det _ _ 65 wood wood NOUN NN Number=Sing 56 parataxis _ SpaceAfter=No 66 , , PUNCT , _ 67 punct _ _ 67 saw see VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 65 acl:relcl _ _ 68 Richard Richard PROPN NNP Number=Sing 67 obj _ _ 69 now now ADV RB PronType=Dem 70 advmod _ _ 70 beginning begin VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 67 advcl _ _ 71 to to PART TO _ 72 mark _ _ 72 mount mount VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 70 xcomp _ _ 73 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 74 det _ _ 74 ladder ladder NOUN NN Number=Sing 72 obj _ _ 75 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 77 nsubj:pass _ _ 76 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 77 aux:pass _ _ 77 set set VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 74 acl:relcl _ _ 78 against against ADP IN _ 80 case _ _ 79 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 80 det _ _ 80 gallows gallows NOUN NNS Number=Plur 77 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 81 . . PUNCT . _ 17 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | past | Richard | | | the greatest need | | | tree rules | | 2 | **do** | past | the greatest need | the good horse | | | now | | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horse=Eventuality | | 3 | **help** | present | | | Richard | | | | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Beneficiary | | 4 | **have** | gerund | Richard | such wit | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wit=Patient | | 5 | **have** | past | horse | | | | | before *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **see** | gerund | Richard *not said here* | | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | | 7 | **is** | past | Richard's Reynaud master | | | | | asleep, fast *property* | tree rules | | 8 | **smote** | infinitive | | | | Richard's shield | | with Richard's hoof | tree rules | | 9 | **wake** | past | Richard | horse | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent he=Patient | | 10 | **look up** | gerund | Richard | | | | | | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | | 11 | **is** | gerund | the gallows | | | | | by the wood; hard *property* | tree rules | | 12 | **see** | past | the wood *not said here* | Richard | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer richard=Stimulus | | 13 | **begin** | gerund | the wood *not said here* | | | | now | | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | | 14 | **mount** | to-infinitive | the wood *not said here* | the ladder | | | | | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ladder=Patient | | 15 | **set** | past · passive | | the ladder | | the gallows | | | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme against gallows=Destination | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 124](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/8/124/) - next →: [sentence 126](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/8/126/) - ↑ back to [Of the Craft of Mawgis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg75339/8/)