---
title: When the two armies were now near, Oliver said to Roland, "these men… — Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of F… · tree and pragmatics
description: When the two armies were now near, Oliver said to Roland, "these men are too many for us." " Who acts: two armies, Oliver, men. A sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Craft of Mawgis, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every cl
---

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# Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France, Of the Craft of Mawgis, sentence 41

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When the two armies were now near, Oliver said to Roland, "these men are too many for us." "

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**Who acts:** two armies, Oliver, men · **What happens:** be, say · **To what, where:** Roland · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Of the Craft of Mawgis. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (two armies, Oliver, men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg75339:8:41
# text = When the two armies were now near, Oliver said to Roland, "these men are too many for us." "
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	armies	army	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	_
7	near	near	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	Oliver	Oliver	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Roland	Roland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	16	det	_	_
16	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
17	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
18	too	too	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	ccomp	_	_
20	for	for	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	_
24	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the two armies |  |  |  | now | near *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Oliver |  | Roland |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to roland=Recipient |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | this men |  |  |  |  | for us; many *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Stories of Charlemagne and the twelve Peers of France» by Alfred John Church, Project Gutenberg book 75339 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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