---
title: As they began to lift the body from the grave, the sky became overca… — Folk tales of Sind and Guzarat · tree and pragmatics
description: As they began to lift the body from the grave, the sky became overcast and a mist as thick as a London fog spread over the land, so that none could see the decaying remains of one who in life had been strong and beautiful. Who acts: pushings, sky, mist, none. A sentence of «Folk tales of Sind and Gu
---

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# Folk tales of Sind and Guzarat, Makhdum Niamat Ullah and Makhdum Nuh., sentence 63

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As they began to lift the body from the grave, the sky became overcast and a mist as thick as a London fog spread over the land, so that none could see the decaying remains of one who in life had been strong and beautiful.

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**Who acts:** pushings, sky, mist, none · **What happens:** begin, lift, become, overcast, spread, see · **To what, where:** body, grave, land, decaying remains, life

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This is a sentence of «Folk tales of Sind and Guzarat» by C. A. Kincaid, Makhdum Niamat Ullah and Makhdum Nuh.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (pushings, sky, mist, none), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg76982:10:63
# text = As they began to lift the body from the grave, the sky became overcast and a mist as thick as a London fog spread over the land, so that none could see the decaying remains of one who in life had been strong and beautiful.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	lift	lift	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	grave	grave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
15	overcast	overcast	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	xcomp	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	mist	mist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	_
19	as	as	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
21	as	as	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	fog	fog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
25	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
26	over	over	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
30	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	34	mark	_	_
31	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	30	fixed	_	_
32	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	34	nsubj	_	_
33	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	34	aux	_	_
34	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	conj	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
36	decaying	decay	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	37	amod	_	_
37	remains	remains	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	34	obj	_	_
38	of	of	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
39	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	37	nmod	_	_
40	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	45	nsubj	_	_
41	in	in	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
42	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	45	obl	_	_
43	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	45	aux	_	_
44	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	45	cop	_	_
45	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	acl:relcl	_	_
46	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	47	cc	_	_
47	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	45	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | pushings *= pushing* |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **lift** | to-infinitive | pushings *= pushing* *not said here* | the body |  | the grave |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent body=Theme from grave=Destination |
| 3 | **become** | past | the sky |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **overcast** | participle | the sky *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **spread** | past | a mist |  |  | the land |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over land=Location |
| 6 | **see** | could | none | the decaying remains of one |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer remains=Stimulus |
| 7 | **decay** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 8 | **is** | past · perfect |  |  |  | life |  | who *nsubj*; strong *property* | tree rules |
| 9 | **be** |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Folk tales of Sind and Guzarat» by C. A. Kincaid, Project Gutenberg book 76982 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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