---
title: The gloom and melancholy that had overshadowed the land, had given b… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The gloom and melancholy that had overshadowed the land, had given birth to a thousand superstitious fancies; the woes and terrors of the past were clothed with supernatural miracles and portents, and the actors in the fearful drama had already assumed the dubious characteristics of romance. Who act
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Opening, sentence 11

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The gloom and melancholy that had overshadowed the land, had given birth to a thousand superstitious fancies; the woes and terrors of the past were clothed with supernatural miracles and portents, and the actors in the fearful drama had already assumed the dubious characteristics of romance.

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**Who acts:** melancholy · **What happens:** overshadow, give, clothe, assume · **To what, where:** land, gloom, woes, actors

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (melancholy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:1:11
# text = The gloom and melancholy that had overshadowed the land, had given birth to a thousand superstitious fancies; the woes and terrors of the past were clothed with supernatural miracles and portents, and the actors in the fearful drama had already assumed the dubious characteristics of romance.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	gloom	gloom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	melancholy	melancholy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	overshadowed	overshadow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
11	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
13	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	thousand	thousand	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
17	superstitious	superstitious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	fancies	fancy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	28	punct	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	woes	woe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nsubj	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	terrors	terror	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
27	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux:pass	_	_
28	clothed	clothe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	parataxis	_	_
29	with	with	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	supernatural	supernatural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	miracles	miracle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obl	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
33	portents	portent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
35	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	actors	actor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nsubj:pass	_	_
38	in	in	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
40	fearful	fearful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
41	drama	drama	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nmod	_	_
42	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	44	aux	_	_
43	already	already	ADV	RB	_	44	advmod	_	_
44	assumed	assume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	28	conj	_	_
45	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	47	det	_	_
46	dubious	dubious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	47	amod	_	_
47	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	obj	_	_
48	of	of	ADP	IN	_	49	case	_	_
49	romance	romance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	47	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overshadow** | past · perfect | melancholy | the land |  |  |  |  | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent land=Patient |
| 2 | **give** | past · perfect · passive |  | the gloom and melancholy |  |  |  | to thousand superstitious fancies; birth *obj* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient birth=Theme |
| 3 | **clothe** | past · passive |  | the woes and terrors of the past |  |  |  | with supernatural miracles and portents | vn dress-41.1.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **assume** | past · perfect · passive |  | the actors in the fearful drama |  |  |  | the dubious characteristics of romance *obj* | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: subject=Theme characteristic=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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