---
title: Hence the earliest chronicles which treat of the downfall of Spain a… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Hence the earliest chronicles which treat of the downfall of Spain are apt to be tinctured with those saintly miracles which savour of the pious labours of the cloister, or those fanciful fictions that betray their Arabian authors. Who acts: earliest chronicles, fanciful fictions. A sentence of «Leg
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Opening, sentence 13

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Hence the earliest chronicles which treat of the downfall of Spain are apt to be tinctured with those saintly miracles which savour of the pious labours of the cloister, or those fanciful fictions that betray their Arabian authors.

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**Who acts:** earliest chronicles, fanciful fictions · **What happens:** treat, be, tincture, betray, savour · **To what, where:** Arabian authors, pious labours

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Opening. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (earliest chronicles, fanciful fictions), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:1:13
# text = Hence the earliest chronicles which treat of the downfall of Spain are apt to be tinctured with those saintly miracles which savour of the pious labours of the cloister, or those fanciful fictions that betray their Arabian authors.
1	Hence	hence	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	earliest	early	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	4	amod	_	_
4	chronicles	chronicle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
5	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	treat	treat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	downfall	downfall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Spain	Spain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	apt	apt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
15	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	tinctured	tincture	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	advcl	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	those	that	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	20	det	_	_
19	saintly	saintly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	miracles	miracle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
21	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	22	det	_	_
22	savour	savour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	appos	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	pious	pious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	labours	labour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	cloister	cloister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
31	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
32	those	that	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	34	det	_	_
33	fanciful	fanciful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
34	fictions	fiction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	appos	_	_
35	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	36	nsubj	_	_
36	betray	betray	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	34	acl:relcl	_	_
37	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	39	nmod:poss	_	_
38	Arabian	Arabian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	authors	author	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **treat** | present | the earliest chronicles |  |  |  |  | of the downfall of Spain | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | the earliest chronicles |  |  |  |  | apt, hence *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **tincture** | to-infinitive · passive | the earliest chronicles *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with that saintly miracles | tree rules |
| 4 | **betray** | present | that fanciful fictions | chronicles's Arabian authors |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **savour** |  |  | the pious labours of the cloister |  |  |  |  | nom savour «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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