---
title: Almost a century of continual wars with the cultivated nations of th… — Legends of the conquest of Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: Almost a century of continual wars with the cultivated nations of the east had rendered them accomplished warriors; and the occasional sojourn in luxurious countries and populous cities, had acquainted them with the arts and habits of civilised life. Who acts: century, wars. A sentence of «Legends o
---

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# Legends of the conquest of Spain, Chapter IX., sentence 8

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Almost a century of continual wars with the cultivated nations of the east had rendered them accomplished warriors; and the occasional sojourn in luxurious countries and populous cities, had acquainted them with the arts and habits of civilised life.

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**Who acts:** century, wars · **What happens:** cultivate, render, accomplish, acquaint, civilise · **To what, where:** warriors, occasional sojourn

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This is a sentence of «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Chapter IX.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (century, wars), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg77685:10:8
# text = Almost a century of continual wars with the cultivated nations of the east had rendered them accomplished warriors; and the occasional sojourn in luxurious countries and populous cities, had acquainted them with the arts and habits of civilised life.
1	Almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	continual	continual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	wars	war	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	cultivated	cultivate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	nations	nation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	rendered	render	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
16	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	accomplished	accomplish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	ccomp	_	_
18	warriors	warrior	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	32	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	occasional	occasional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	sojourn	sojourn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nsubj:pass	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	luxurious	luxurious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nmod	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
28	populous	populous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
31	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	32	aux	_	_
32	acquainted	acquaint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	conj	_	_
33	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	obj	_	_
34	with	with	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	arts	art	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	obl	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	38	cc	_	_
38	habits	habit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	conj	_	_
39	of	of	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	civilised	civilise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	41	amod	_	_
41	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cultivate** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **render** | past · perfect | a century of continual wars with the cultivated nations of the east |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **accomplish** | past | wars *= war* | warriors |  |  |  |  | vn complete-55.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent warrior=Eventuality |
| 4 | **acquaint** *speech: other* | past · perfect · passive |  | the occasional sojourn in luxurious countries and populous cities |  |  |  | with the arts and habits of civilised life; warriors *= warrior* *obj* | tree rules |
| 5 | **civilise** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Legends of the conquest of Spain» by Washington Irving, Project Gutenberg book 77685 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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- ← previous: [sentence 7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/10/7/)
- next →: [sentence 9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/10/9/)
- ↑ back to [Chapter IX.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg77685/10/)